sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Anscombe on practical knowledge. 8091). The issue of timing and uncertainty of the information also are interrogated for their impact on women's lives and what that can illuminate about the theories of AK and the technological imperative. Fricker, M. (2007). Lasonen-Aarnio, M. (2010). In J. Lackey & E. Sosa (Eds. 8 0 obj In June of last year, I traveled to Ghana to investigate the ways in which telemedicine is being used there. For instance, following a suggestion by Williamson, one might hold that a knowledge state is warranted in virtue of being reliable, but hold also that the kind of reliability required for knowledge is defined in terms of knowledge (ib., p. 100). Price: 16.99. Recognize if a person has feelings like cold, heat, illness, discomfort. Critics of the knowledge norm include Weiner (2005), Douven (2006), Lackey (2007), McKinnon (2013, 2015), Hill and Schechter (2007), and Schechter (2017). <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> -, Women Health. USA: Oxford University Press. stream 2019 Jul;39(8):575-587. doi: 10.1002/pd.5464. Understanding the use of the word authoritative in a political context is more complex and requires some background information. Defenders of versions of KNA include Unger (1975), Slote (1979), Williamson (2000), DeRose (2002), Reynolds (2002), and Hawthorne (2004), among many others. endobj LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: arrived at by reasoning from "point A" (which . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-020-00313-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-020-00313-5. According to Michaels, in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, authority is the capacity, innate or acquired for exercising ascendancy over a group. Le Petit prince. It picks up the discussion about means from the previous section, and it is in turn picked up by much of the ensuing discussion, in particular at the end of 49, the section where Anscombe presents Aquinass definition of practical knowledge cited in my introduction (pp. Thus, being able to access and connect a patient to a doctor at a hospital over the phone has helped the nurses achieve more legitimacy and overcome their small girl/boy status. Sosa, E. (2015). Apart from the terminology, the definitions are the same as those influentially presented by Alston (1983). Abstract This paper investigates 'authoritative knowledge', a neglected species of practical knowledge gained on the basis of exercising practical authority. The authors' focus on authoritative knowledgethe knowledge that counts, on the basis of which decisions are made and actions takenhighlights the vast differences between birthing systems that give authority of knowing to women and their communities and those that invest it in experts and machines. According to Michaels, in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, authority is the capacity, innate or acquired for exercising ascendancy over a group. This is to be distinguished from what is sometimes called epistemic authority, which is the power to speak and be trusted on a certain subject. Geneva. Keele: Keele University Library. Theories about authoritative knowledge (AK) and the technological imperative have received varying levels of interest in anthropological, feminist and science and technology studies. Intuitive Knowledge (IK): If an intuition makes a belief that p based on it amount to knowledge, it does so in virtue of (1) being an experience in which it intuitively appears to you that p, and (2) being an experience in which you are intellectually aware of an item o, such that (3) o makes p true. 37 PDF View 1 excerpt, cites background What's to Know? 12 0 obj ), Anthropology and Primary Health Care pp. Philosophical Review, 126, 141. (1995). Data that contrasts with human practice and . . McKinnon, R. (2013). Oxford: Oxford University Press. World Health Organization. OBrien, L. (2007). Read more about this topic: Authoritative, Authority poisons everybody who takes authority on himself.Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (18701924), The purpose of a work of fiction is to appeal to the lingering after-effects in the readers mind as differing from, say, the purpose of oratory or philosophy which respectively leave people in a fighting or thoughtful mood.F. Nos, 41, 594626. Authoritative Knowledge and Its Construction From the book Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge Brigitte Jordan https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520918733-003 Cite this 47 You currently have no access to view or download this content. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Analytic Philosophy, 59, 309340. (2019). Authoritative Knowledge Abstract: This paper investigates 'authoritative knowledge', a neglected species of practical knowledge gained on the basis of exercising practical authority. . See Thomason (1990), Witek (2013) and Langton (2015) for elucidative discussion of this issue. Goldberg, S. (2006). However, their meanings differ: while power is defined as "the ability to influence somebody to do something that he/she would not have done", authority refers to a claim of legitimacy, the justification and right to exercise that power. This is suggested by the sentences surrounding the quoted passage, where James speaks of mays and maybes that are most naturally taken as epistemic (pp. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzz056. "Authoritative" refers to the characteristic of being believable, and grounded in research, knowledge and fact. Alternatively, if the grounds were a priori, one could argue, following Peacocke (2003), that we are entitled to form beliefs on the basis of these facts without the need of an inference. Google Scholar. Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. In political philosophy, the jurisdiction of political authority, the location of sovereignty, the balancing of freedom and authority (cf. Warszawa: Warsaw University. 289310). PMC <> . Paul, S. K. (2012). Reacting to a hazard in a manner consistent with a race, a shout, a jump . The concept of authoritative knowledge is particularly useful in this case. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The most effective teachers will alternate between authoritative, authoritarian and permissive depending on what will best suit the particular class and the unique needs of the students within it. Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication tools, namely cell phones and computers, to exchange information regarding patient health. endobj Rinard, S. (2018). Philosophical Perspectives, 24, 465475. Knowledge in and of nursing. "Time with Babe": Seeing Fetal Remains after Pregnancy Termination for Impairment. I also thank Jewelle L. Bickell, Maxime Lepoutre, and Christopher M. Cloos for comments, and Allison Pieros Glasscock, Mike Deigan, Jo Demaree-Cotton, Eric Guindon, Mark Maxwell, Daniel Moerner, Jessie Munton, Paul Schilling, Tim Williamson, and Yuan Yuan for discussion. While there is a vast body of literature on the philosophy of science (Kuhn, 1962), the work . Philosophical Studies, 61, 239265. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Typically, community health nurses are younger and not from the village in which they are assigned to work. For instance, the person performing the proof might use a variable that she is not permitted to use at that step of the proof (e.g. I shall use locutions such as x yields direct knowledge as shorthand for we can gain knowledge directly on the basis of exercising x. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 67, 503548. <> 9 0 obj In pioneering work, Zagzebski (2015) appeals to the literature on practical authority to shed light on the notion of epistemic authority. A complicating factor is that one can sometimes establish authority simply by acting as if one had it. 10 0 obj Please read our rules before commenting and understand that your comments will be removed if they are not up to standard or otherwise break the rules. Idealism is the oldest philosophy in the Western culture. - 194.233.67.17. The science of nursing Is the knowledge in and of nursing. Prenat Diagn. The other case is of someone writing something on a board without looking, discussed both earlier (p. 53) and immediately after (p. 82). Marui, B., & Schwenkler, J. ), Papers on language and logic (pp. So, I think (a) and (b) collapse into a single option. Between authority and interpretation: On the theory of law and practical reason. 1. in philosophy, knowledge gained from experience rather than from innate ideas or deductive reasoning. To use a distinction familiar from ethical contexts: the former are backward-looking grounds, the latter forward-looking. At the very least, this scientific knowledge is vastly superior to what we can know from any other discipline. 5 0 obj Although the anthropological literature abounds with empirical considerations of authoritative knowledge, few have considered both theories through an empirical, inductive lens. I). 3. unwarranted true beliefs These are lucky guesses or coincidences and not knowledge. Roughly, scientism is the view that the hard scienceslike chemistry, biology, physics, astronomyprovide the only genuine knowledge of reality. % it is only convincing media. Externalism in the philosophy of mind has been thought by many to pose a serious threat to the claim that subjects are in general authoritative with regard to certain of their own intentional . 2011-07-20 23:42:58. How competence matters in epistemology. Finally, thanks especially to David Charles, Steve Darwall, Reier Helle, Jason Stanley, Gideon Yaffe, and Zoltn Gendler Szab for comments and discussion on earlier drafts. Let's look at each in more detail: Authoritarian Leaders. A virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge (Vol. In Ghana, once someone has completed medical training of any kind, such as a community health nurse or a registered midwife, they must complete their national service, a two-year contract in an assigned village. The Monist, 68, 295324. Authoritative knowledge is knowledge that is derived from sources or individuals who hold positions of authority in a person's life. <> Oxford: Oxford University Press. Philosophers Imprint, 15, 34. Accomodation, meaning, and implicature: Interdisciplinary foundations for pragmatics. Libraries were enthusiastic. All new items; Books; Journal articles; Manuscripts; Topics. The site is secure. Anscombes intention: A guide. King, J. C. (1991). How to establish authority with words: Imperative utterances and presupposition accommodation. Ethics and religion may be acceptable, but only if they are understood to be . Syntax; Advanced Search; New. 2 More recently, it has received significant attention in philosophy of language (see n5 below). Sometimes this higher power is an individual person or a group of people, such as the 'dear leader' who is worshipped by the North Korean proletariat. Learning Resource Types assignment_turned_in . We want to see what precisely it means to "know" something, and what the legitimate avenues are for gaining knowledge. Editor in Chief. 2016 Jun;30(2):168-85. doi: 10.1111/maq.12173. Access to physicians may alter the hierarchy of who has authoritative knowledge, adjust healthcare seeking patterns, or disrupt local power structures and knowing about birth. What one does in expectation of meeting with the approval of the divine is derived from some means of obtained faith. James, W. (1979). T / F True 1.4, p. 28 For a similar usage, see Burge (1993, 2003). The classical discussion of this issue is in Austin (1975: 2829). Velleman, J. D. (2001). Pieros Glasscock, J. S. (2020). PubMedGoogle Scholar. The Knowledge Problem. King (1991) attempts a reduction of the sort, but it suffers from well-known difficulties (Breckenridge and Magidor 2012). Theory of Knowledge, 3rd ed. In many democratic societies, there is an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of governmental authority in general. Bird, A. One of the central concerns of philosophy is to understand the concept of knowledge, which might help us distinguish between the convictions of a Heaven's Gate believer and the convictions of, say, a scientist. 17 0 obj 2002 Mar;12(3):360-72 How we know what were doing. ), Logic, methodology and philosophy of science (pp. I argue that, like perceptual . not been performed; this is the essence of exercised authority. Setiya, K. (2008). (2007). 1998 Apr;46(8):1067-76 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Unreasonable knowledge. However, the question is besides the point here. Perceptual entitlement. : Navigating Knowledge Gaps of Hansen's Disease in the U.S. K. Kuhns Medicine 2012 Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. For our purposes, it doesnt much matter at this point whether the cognition at play always has the status of knowledge or a weaker state. Oxford: Oxford University Press. -, Soc Sci Med. This concept relates to legitimacy in the health care setting as authoritative knowledge shapes interactions between patients and caregivers, access to knowledge, and health care decision-making. xYn8}7\T4oE`Ib+v;CRIjmbbK9spHuSfM|WMS}_lQYSTjz2!o.R.#1|T:~Ez8_qAp","**Vb%p%pp 4ANw !/9 EF\~ dy63+$b::uf M|G2(fl&'P{/" Other scientists argue that authority is not a capacity but a relationship. Langton, R. (2009). Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Authoritative Knowledge" by Juan S. Pieros Glasscock. In government, the term authority is often used interchangeably with power. 2003;37(2):89-108 Intention as faith. Empirical knowledge (a posteriori) empirical evidence, also known as sense experience, is the knowledge or source of knowledge acquired by means of the senses, particularly by observation and experimentation. endobj Cristi 2005), and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from Plato and Aristotle to the present. Authority and justification. 19 0 obj They combined it with reason to create shared identities; and with it, a general propensity to cooperate among themselves and persuade others. Perhaps not completely independent in the given example, since the status of a thing as a room or a wall is at least somewhat dependent on agents taking it to be such. Philosophy is not authority. Epistemic buck-passing and the interpersonal view of testimony. Report of the third global survey on eHealth. A Defence of Arbitrary Objects. Further, the interface of authoritative knowledge and the technological imperative suggests that AK derives not only from medical provider status and technology use, but also from the adequacy and trustworthiness of the information. In the United States, for instance, there is a widespread belief that the political system as it was instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable, and that government should limit its authority accordingly. Assertion, knowledge, and rational credibility. Expert Knowledge Influences Decision-Making for Couples Receiving Positive Prenatal Chromosomal Microarray Testing Results. 177190). Harcourt, Inc.. DeRose, K. (2002). Rayna Rapp (1999) examined technologies used in assisting reproduction, which she calls technologies of knowing. In this study, she examined the production of knowledge as a result of new technology. Breckenridge, W., & Magidor, O. 6 0 obj For such a general reply, see Alstons (1983) response to what he calls the Level Ascent argument (pp. endobj Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. I argue against the thesis that intentional action requires knowledge in Pieros Glasscock (2019a), though I have become doubtful whether the thesis should be ascribed to Anscombe, as is universally assumed in the scholarship. 11 0 obj Moore, M. S. (2010). My understanding of this first condition is where I am most indebted to Evans (1982, especially ch. Philosophy. The most sophisticated treatment of this worry is by Langton (2004), targeting Vellemans (2001) cognitivist account of intention. Practical knowledge revisited. Ethics, 120, 128137. Other scientists argue that authority is not a capacity but a relationship. Schwenkler, J. His main research area is epistemology, and he has published widely in this field. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Authoritarian leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and rarely accept advice from others. It is sanctioned power, institutionalized power. The varieties of reference. (1981). 24.211S14 Theory of Knowledge: Midterm Paper -Student Example 24.211S14 Theory of Knowledge: Short Writing Assignment 1 24.211S14 Theory of Knowledge: Short Writing Assignment 2 . Slote, M. (1979). 1. : having or showing impressive knowledge about a subject. Cult Med Psychiatry. There are some complications about the nature of the acts in question and the difference between knowledge of ongoing and future action that, though important for Pauls account of agential knowledge, are irrelevant for the application to authoritative knowledge. Epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge, or the study of knowledge itself, what it is and how it is possible. Juan S. Pieros Glasscock. methods: the fundamental approaches to (or methods of) the investigation of this problem are represented by the comparative approach to the problems of the search for the foundations and historical contexts of the developing rationality of philosophy and the comparative historical method that make for the comprehensive consideration of the 8889). 16 0 obj Content preservation. Med Anthropol Q. if authority yields knowledge in some way analogous to the direct way in which sources like perception and memory give us knowledge, that is an important epistemological finding. <> As telemedicine is widely regarded as the much-needed direction medical care is heading around the world, it is crucial to examine ways it can shape an individuals interaction with a technology and with the community at large. Consider the case of someone directing the placement of certain plants in a garden, and knowing, say, where the roses are on this basis. Late-term abortion for fetal anomaly: Vietnamese women's experiences. Basil Blackwell: Oxford. The great philosophers such as Plato or Aristotle, spoke of intuitive knowledge and rescued its importance within the mental and intellectual development of human beings. However, Bird (2016) has convinced me that a belief is based on evidence just in case it is based on an inference where that evidence is used. Another way in which one might form a false belief is if one mistakenly uses ones authority. In J. Dancy (Ed. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) focused on elements of the philosophy of religion for about half a centuryfrom the mid-1750s, when he started teaching philosophy, until after his retirement from academia. Stanford, CA: David Hume Series: CSLI Publications. Raz, J. (2006). 7 0 obj Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomalies: Parents' preferences for psychosocial care. 1998 May;91(5 Pt 1):648-55 Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 13 0 obj Clash is DeRoses (2002) term for the air of incompatibility associated with these sentences. It is based on intuition, on the sensitive dimension of the human being. Thomason, R. H. (1990). You can help Wikiquote by expanding it. Reason in action in aristotle: A reading of EE 5.12/NE 6.12. An official website of the United States government. The Philosophical Review, 115, 449485. Reasons without rationalism. Mind. Correspondence to 5. endobj <> Announcing our new Editor in Chief and AssociateEditor, AAA 2017 Session Highlight: Jonathan Metzl, Negroes With Guns: Mental Illness, Gun Violence, and the Racial Politics ofFirearms, SPA Interview with Dr. Greg Downey and Dr. DanielLende. Hawthornes lottery puzzle and the nature of belief. <>/Metadata 571 0 R/ViewerPreferences 572 0 R>> The Philosophical Review, 102, 457488. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 57, 291417. Mind, 90, 441443. 2017 Sep;41(3):382-406. doi: 10.1007/s11013-017-9521-3. The Amherst Lecture in Philosophy, 10, 133. Note that this is not meant as a reductive definition. <> Since the emergence of social sciences, authority has been a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings: the family (parental authority), small groups (informal authority of leadership), intermediate organizations, such as schools, churches, armies, industries and bureaucracies (organizational and bureaucratic authorities) and society-wide or inclusive organizations, ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation-state and intermediate organization (political authority). Before Authoritative Knowledge and Its Construction Published by University of California Press 1997 1. I thank a referee for pressing me on this point. But that is incidental. Erkenntnis Alientation or regress: On the non-inferential character of agential knowledge. I believe this falls short of being an epistemic injustice in Frickers sense (2007). New History of Western Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Exciting . Oxford: Oxford University Press. endobj endobj We saw this above in connection with knowledge that is required for concept possession. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. How to get a norm from a speech act. 2018 May 2;18(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1752-y. See Schwenkler (2015) for a helpful review of the literature on practical knowledge, along with a positive Anscombean account of the nature of the phenomenon. Google Scholar. ), Intentions in communication (pp. Browse Dictionary a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z -# Authoritative knowledge ( The correct ANSWER is choice D) Empirical knowledge which was not available in the answer section.) Dekkers FHW, Go ATJI, Stapersma L, Eggink AJ, Utens EMWJ. It is sanctioned power, institutionalized power. MeSH Knowing what things look like. . Schwenkler, J. Careers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Philosophical Studies, 110, 139161. ]DiSH,P 0"AV4HaLl[t6-^AC8I(O:^},$Q7ZXR}!q*Bz2HFDiJy7f dMa&PBYlQRAGFRB:IOBs!t)BHt7Qo(N*v:(C1'ouE1`I(HBrDaS`gn Fine, K. (1983). endstream Revealed Knowledge: Certain behaviors, actions, philosophies, people, or items are 'good' or 'bad' based upon the authoritative word of some higher power. Nov 1, 2021 By Casey Scott, MA Philosophy, GDipEd English and Humanities, BA (Hons) Professional & Creative Writing. Authority, law and morality. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Epistemology Colloquium at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and at Yale University. The travesty of choosing after positive prenatal diagnosis. (2017). Department of Philosophy, Georgia State University, P.O. In clinics providing maternal and child care, staff and clients jointly produced authoritative knowledge, most often a version of biomedicine, a process reflecting what the authors refer to as biocentrism. Part of Springer Nature. Science and Technology Studies provides a foundation from which to examine the historical contexts and meanings of technologies and how people interact with them. Speakers freedom and makers knowledge. ), Knowledge first: Approaches in epistemology and mind. This article traces the impact of philosophical questions regarding the grounds of moral autonomy and heteronomy (rule-from-another as opposed to rule-from-oneself) on classical sociological theory. Studying knowledge is one of those perennial topicslike the nature of matter in the hard sciencesthat philosophy has been refining since before the time of Plato. Philosophical Perspectives, 24, 121. The authority of law. Why is marble white?. endobj In general, the traditional conception of reason excludes all forms of emotionality or subjectivity, aspiring to be as objective as possible . intuitive knowledge examples Something particular is that science does not clearly know how intuitive knowledge is born , but this does not mean that it denies its existence. Philosophical Studies. Authoritative knowledge defines what is worth striving for and the university has a part to play in this Leuven, March 4th 2011 . Weiner, M. (2005). Classroom teaching styles are as diverse as the classroom teachers themselves. Authoritative knowledge in this context must be examined on two levelsthe first level being how authoritative knowledge is constructed in medicine, and the second being how authoritative knowledge is constructed by individuals within communities. A small girl/boy is a common term used in Ghana for a young person, indicating not only their age, but their social status and lack of social legitimacy. 9f^(1 Learn faster with spaced repetition. The book is an authoritative guide to the city's restaurants. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-020-00313-5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-020-01508-w. Research on this project was supported by the University of Toronto-Mississauga Postdoctoral Fellowship Award Program, sponsored by their Philosophy Department and the UTM Office of the Vice-Principal, Research.