2022 The Author(s). Grounded theory is a suitable research methodology to develop theory for three reasons. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Furthermore, within these articles, there was evidence of the use of more advanced analytic techniques, such as diagramming, memo writing, and the use of a conditional/consequential matrix (e.g. An interpretive philosophical approach was reported in seven articles and a constructionism/constructivist (including feminist constructionism) approach was reported in seven articles. Abstract and Figures. Over time, Glaser and Strauss began to dispute various aspects of the methodology as Strauss started to develop his own techniques and ways of thinking about data. Rather, they should be easy to read, parsimonious, and delimited to only those concepts that relate to the core category. This is not surprising, The initial searches were conducted between January 14th and January 21st 2021 and follow-up searches were conducted between May 7th and May 14th 2021. endobj We restricted our focus to sport psychology studies only. Members of the research team were each assigned journals to search. We suggest that sport psychology researchers could articulate theoretical sensitivity in a more sophisticated manner in their studies. 1 0 obj Juliet Corbin, a former student who became a long-time collaborator with Strauss, made significant contributions to Straussian GTM. The iterative process is a hallmark of GTM. In the first application of this new approach, Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1965) published Awareness of Dying, a study of death and dying in Californian hospitals. They drew on Bryant (2017) to remind researchers that methodological statements need to be presented, treated, and understood as heuristics and not algorithms (p. 60). the absence of an iterative process driven by theoretical sampling, which is a hallmark of GTM). Glaser and Strauss (1967) suggested a researchers theoretical sensitivity continually develops over many years as the researcher thinks in theoretical terms about knowledge. 0000001664 00000 n 110-113), Specified use of a theoretical framework to discuss comparisons about the four countries (, Framed study in previous research. Two of the primary variants of GTM (Straussian and Charmaz) dominate the sport psychology literature. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. 0000005783 00000 n Prior to reporting the rapid review, we provide a brief history of GTM in order to provide context for our analysis. endobj Therefore, using the literature can be useful as long as the researcher works hard at remaining open to their data (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 4). Generally speaking, in those studies that involved the assessment of the grounded theory, there were some quite innovative strategies that reflect the inherently applied aspects of sport psychology (e.g. researchers to spell out their own procedures (Cf, Miles and Huberman, 1984; End of preview. http://ebn.bmj.com/ 0000048695 00000 n Consider including a diagram or explanation of the various stages of data collection and analysis, depicting how and when additional theoretical sampling was needed. 0000006302 00000 n The quality of a grounded theory can be related to three distinct areas underpinned by (1) the researchers expertise, knowledge and research skills; (2) One of the most comprehensive set of guidelines for GTM was recently presented by Charmaz and Thornberg (2020). Some articles involved the use of a critical friend as a sounding board to examine interpretations of data (e.g. We also acknowledge that our review essentially involves applying a checklist to report the presence of GTM techniques and procedures rather than evaluating the quality of their application and and the knowledge created. This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 42 pages. Second, we renamed fit, work, relevance, and modifiability as assessment of grounded theory to more inclusive of different approaches to GTM. Theoretical saturation is an abstract and relative concept; complete saturation is likely not possible, and the grounded theory can be more or less saturated. A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted from May to August 2022. ! ticular phenomena, systematic theory, or politically intended consciousness-rais-, ing documents. 2022-11-03T14:36:43-07:00 That said, Corbin and Strauss (2015) suggested that Charmazs earlier (2006) list of criteria for evaluating constructivist grounded theory is the most comprehensive because the criteria address both the scientific and creative aspects of qualitative research (p. 343). In this paper, we use the term GTM to refer to the methodology and reserve the term grounded theory to refer to the theory produced using GTM. endobj endstream endobj 435 0 obj <>stream Ask participants to review versions of the grounded theory throughout the study. She suggested that positivists approach theory as a statement of relationships between abstract concepts, whereas interpretivists emphasize understanding rather than explanation. Theoretical sampling should be integrated into the process of inquiry, occurring throughout the analytic process. Consider providing a diagram or figure representing the theory. To provide some context for our paper, we focus on three primary variants of GTM: the Glaserian approach, the Straussian approach, and Charmazs constructivist approach. endstream endobj startxref painstaking and effective editorial work on an earlier version. endstream endobj 432 0 obj <>/Metadata 44 0 R/Outlines 51 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 426 0 R/StructTreeRoot 90 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 433 0 obj <>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 434 0 obj <>stream Thirteen articles did not address two or more criteria (Eggleston et al., 2020; Gano-Overway & Carson Sackett, 2021; Grant & Schempp, 2013; Kerr & Stirling, 2012; McCosker et al., 2019; McDavid & McDonough, 2019; Omli & LaVoi, 2012; Porter et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2019; Sellars et al., 2018; Slater et al., 2012; Tshube & Feltz, 2015; Weissensteiner et al., 2009). Methods: The research method was qualitative and the grounded theory was used. A total of 35 articles that made claims regarding the use of GTM as a methodology were retained. http://ebn.bmj.com/ This paper introduces a new approach to investigating complexities and capabilities within sustainable project management. 0000001828 00000 n Aim/Purpose: Grounded Theory (GT) has grown and developed into several strands making its application all the more problematic, Creative Commons License . Our intent is to show how this can be done and to challenge other qualitative. She proposed that to gain theoretical sensitivity, we look at studied life from multiple vantage points, make comparisons, follow leads, and build on ideas (p. 135). 0000087953 00000 n No other details, but suggested triangulation was employed to ensure greater veracity of interpretations than would have been possible if a single investigator had developed the theory alone (, Line-by-line coding, grouped themes by common properties (. All screened articles were checked by another team member. )=##HXV7'+W#O 0000003197 00000 n Furthermore, whereas Glasers approach has been largely constant, Straussian grounded theory has changed considerably over time (Corbin & Strauss, 2015; Strauss, 1987; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1994, 1998). 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Helen Noble,1 Gary Mitchell2 Introduction Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory,1 which is grounded in This paper introduces a method to conduct systematic research using modified grounded theory (MGT) in sustainable project management as an extended version of classical grounded theory. In broad terms, GTMs are systematic and flexible approaches for collecting and analysing qualitative data in order to construct theories that are grounded in the data (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2015). 0 Download : Download high-res image (56KB)Download : Download full-size image. Permission can also be obtained via Rightslink. There are also differences between the primary variants in terms of their approaches to coding. Substantive grounded theories were reported in 32 articles. In selecting a variant of GTM, it is essential to avoid mixing variants. Constant comparison was reported in all 35 articles. Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 10.0.1465/W Unicode 555 0 obj <>stream The journals searched were Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (JASP); Psychology of Sport and Exercise (PSE); Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP); The Sport Psychologist (TSP); Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health (QRSEH); Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES); and Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology (SEPP). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 2 0 R/Type/Page>> In the studies that produced a grounded theory, the ways in which researchers had defined theory often remained vague. It was introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1967), but in rather vague terms. Somewhat contrary to the notion of theoretical sensitivity, some researchers suggested that they did not impose their theoretical knowledge onto the analysis or attempted to maintain objectivity (e.g. Theory, Positivism, Hermeneutics, Pragmatism. For instance, Corbin and Strauss (2015) described sharing findings with interviewees and other relevant individuals who were not interviewed to validate a grounded theory (p. 308). Such problems have been observed in GTM research outside of sport psychology when researchers tend to proclaim theoretical saturation (Charmaz, 2006, p. 114) rather than demonstrate how it was achieved (Low, 2019). 7MpS)n Since Strauss passed away in 1996, Corbin has refined and expanded the Straussian approach (e.g. 534 0 obj <> endobj Articles that claimed the use of GTM but were deemed to be exercise or health psychology-oriented were excluded (e.g. WebAim/Purpose Grounded Theory (GT) has grown and developed into several strands making its application all the more problematic, argumentative and remaining potentially as a research Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. endobj t, 1990 Grounded Theory Research: Charmaz (2006) referred to initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical integration. Symbolic interactionism underpinned this study. Second, although the coding techniques are sometimes described in a linear sequence, they are often used in an iterative and cyclical manner. endobj 82 0 obj Within these articles, discussions of theoretical saturation were not particularly sophisticated; it was often limited to a statement regarding saturation supplemented with, occasionally, a short explanation of how it was achieved. the interaction of data collection and analysis, facilitated via theoretical sampling) was reported in 33 articles of 35 included articles. WebThe theory produced from grounded theory methodology is based in practitioners real-world practice, is sensitive to practitioners in the setting, and represents the complexities 278 33 But it should be acknowledged that theoretical sensitivity is an elusive concept. Glaser and Strauss (1967) criteria of fit, work, relevance and modifiability are particularly useful for thinking about how your constructed theory renders the data (Charmaz, 2006, p. 182). Of the 32 articles that presented a grounded theory, 22 included attempts to assess the grounded theory. Grounded theory (GT) is a widely applied research method that is spelled out in several books including the foundational work by Glaser and Strauss (1967); the current editions of pathbreaking works by Charmaz (2014), Clarke (2005), and Corbin and Strauss (2015); and the comprehensive outline by Bryant (2017).In these and other contributions, the GT method takes a Researchers must fulfill various institutional requirements such as writing detailed research proposals, scholarship applications, and gaining research ethics board approvals and therefore it is necessary to engage with the extant literature to justify a study (Conlon et al., 2015; Foley & Timonen, 2015). In terms of theory development, most of the reviewed articles described a process of concept identification but failed to demonstrate the progression to more focused or interpretive analytic procedures. Have you used basic coding techniques (and memos) associated with variant of GTM selected? A variety of techniques and procedures were used in the articles that did include some assessment of the final grounded theory. It appears that more methodologically complete GTM studies are now being published in the sport psychology literature. endstream endobj 535 0 obj <>/Metadata 44 0 R/Outlines 57 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 529 0 R/StructTreeRoot 66 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 536 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 537 0 obj <>stream As stated in the introduction to this article, grounded theory is often considered the mostly widely utilized In this paper we describe and assess the use of grounded theory methodology (GTM) in sport psychology over the past 11 years based on the results of a rapid review. 310 0 obj<>stream The statistical population included sports management professors, sport Charmaz, 2006). Whereas there is some benefit in associating each variant with a philosophical position, the philosophical underpinnings of GTM are more nuanced than simple classification. 0000002731 00000 n What is it? "Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development. The term grounded theory denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of flexible methodological strategies and (b) the products of this type of inquiry. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Grounded theory is used by marketing departments by letting marketing executives express their views on how to improve their product or service in a structured way Grounded theory is often used by the HR department. For instance, they might study why employees are frustrated by their work. Employees can explain what they feel is lacking. The term grounded theory has been used to refer both to the methodology and the resulting theory arising from studies that employed the methodology; it is both the process and the product (Holt, 2016). For example, if a study refereed to theoretical sampling, it was coded as having addressed this procedure. In the following section I will go through these three aspects and illustrate how this method has informed my own work with data and literature. Their early methodological texts (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998) did not explicitly articulate the paradigm that underpinned the approach. The substantive level theory (or mid-range or formal theory) should be explained. 0000007091 00000 n Want to read all 42 pages? endobj As a result, several research methods are often employed, and MGT is introduced as an effective approach. Registered in England & Wales No. Theoretical sensitivity was further enhanced by being a relative outsiders within high performance tennis centres (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, conditional/consequential matrix, diagrams, memos (pp. Porter et al., 2013; Slater et al., 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). Bruce, 2007; Holt & Tamminen, 2010a, 2010b), we present some principles for GTM in Table 2. How. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. We then provide guidelines for future best practices, informed by the results of our rapid review and drawing upon previously published methodological advice. %PDF-1.4 % 2.1. 0000011162 00000 n To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. Indeed, since sustainable project management is an emerging field in Jordan, adopting a new research method should be considered over traditional approaches. If so, we should not judge the results, We will try to illuminate these methodological issues by demonstrating, how we have redef'med the evaluation criteria in light of the procedures of, grounded theory methodology. startxref endstream endobj 289 0 obj<> endobj 290 0 obj<>stream Diagramming has been an underutilized strategy in GTM more broadly (Buckley & Waring, 2013), but it is quite often used in the sport psychology GTM literature. !BZr(*Xt8RdZBT+5LMb TN6AJGIQ.H kJ%R"e:AiIwf $ tnE;[%eY`R>{zD&M]|<>YuWE9,b}RM{x }~z!o77MCb`)X6$Vb,gC -.E4'XYo5+|CQrj w/1P&|>W@;fa=a)r~%|W`l xRv@p@5^BkxzC)N{xcp]UK4: W"(6E.Q.X%_K/\c/T=6#~%868/g,X%Z FrKw(@KrKzE G Mn2 #]jdwQI0pGu*R[tw7Mk#O#zwnv*U}(#'uMpvp~? We also acknowledge that other scholars view GTM as more methodologically dynamic. `G,m^u 2We wish to thank Kathy Charmaz, Adele Clarke, Uta Gerhardt, Barney Glaser, David Maines. xbbrb`b``3 On a practical level, in planning for theoretical sampling, it may be useful to overestimate the sample (in terms of size and scope) when submitting to institutional research ethics boards to address the practicalities of the iterative process of data collection and analysis (see Morse & Clarke, 2019). This is a common error because, according to Charmaz (2006) theory remains slippery in grounded theory discourse. To do this we have first to explicate some of, the procedural steps of grounded theory. The ways in which theoretical sensitivity was addressed varied greatly among the articles, such that it is not possible to provide a numerical summary indicating whether or not theoretical sensitivity was addressed. Furthermore, the sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity was sometimes lacking in the articles. 0000002235 00000 n However, despite previous efforts within sustainable project management, researchers still seek consensus on the methodology for its consideration. Glaser suggested that following these stages would enable analysts to produce theories that are integrated, consistent, plausible, close to the data, and in a form that is clear enough to be readily, if only partially, operationalized for testing in quantitative research (pp. GT is a systematic method developed by Glaser and Strauss, whose first book was published in 1967 and entitled, Discovery of Grounded 0000126757 00000 n Thus, articles that reported some GTM techniques but did not claim the use of GTM as a methodology were excluded. Charmaz and Thornberg (2020) cautioned against using the guidelines as a methodological crutch and reminded researchers to be familiar with the methodological procedures of the specific variant of GTM they use. The data collection was founded on the Grounded Theory, a methodology initially introduced by Glaser and Strauss (1969), that uses data to create theories, and by means of that, relevant aspects could be discovered under specific social fields (Strauss & Corbin, 2012).The criteria to identify a good Grounded Theory was described by Glasser (1978): it has to fit the Figure 1. 73 0 obj <> 0000182677 00000 n %%EOF Qualitative Sociology, Vol. congruence between epistemological and ontological viewpoints, theoretical positioning, and methods selected: Mayan, 2009; Morse, 1994) of a study. IMe8 A"mQ'79Ljik.l SM Ll9(}::9::: ,& gc(:AP0(``6N0F jl Charmaz, who studied with both Glaser and Strauss, made an important contribution to the methodology when she developed constructivist grounded theory, which attends to the contextualized situation of the research participants and the researchers role in co-constructing meaning (Birks et al., 2019). We were thrilled to be invited to contribute to this special issue of the International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/Properties<>/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 42 0 R/Type/Page>> People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Purposeful sampling can be a starting point, but theoretical sampling is a cornerstone of GTM. We demonstrate how this can be done for grounded theory and, suggest criteria for evaluating studies following this approach. Cathy Charmaz also contributed to the development of GTM with her variant of constructivist grounded theory (e.g. Eight core characteristics or elements of GTM have been used to guide the previous reviews of GTM in sport and exercise psychology (Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009): (a) iterative process; (b) theoretical sampling; (c) theoretical sensitivity; (d) codes, memos, and concepts; (e) constant comparison; (f) theoretical saturation; (g) fit, work, relevance, and modifiability; and (h) substantive theory.