[154], Transference-focused therapy aims to break away from absolute thinking. Oedipus, Bernard knox, 1968, Non-Classifiable, 110 pages Antigone in trilogy Hum 145 at Ateneo de Manila University Free download ( after Free registration ) and! Nutrition and Athletic Performance. [215], The stigma surrounding borderline personality disorder includes the belief that people with BPD are prone to violence toward others. Depression may be caused by certain medications (such as beta blockers, CNS medications, calcium channel blockers, digitalis, corticosteroids, hormones, anti-Parkinson agents, respiratory or gastrointestinal medications, certain cancer medications, benzodiazepines and interferon) (Alexopoulos, 2005; Djernes, 2006). [92] Diagnosis is based both on the person's report of their symptoms and on the clinician's own observations. [41], In 1644, Ren Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain. Suicide rates in most countries and cultures are 3-4 times higher among men than women at all ages, but the differential increases in late life due to a dramatic increase in risk for men and a slight decrease for women compared to midlife (Kung, Hoyert, Xu, & Murphy, 2008). [87], Family environment mediates the effect of child sexual abuse on the development of BPD. [217] Their extreme aversion to violence can cause many people with BPD to overcompensate and experience difficulties being assertive and expressing their needs. Blind and hun-gry, arrives at Colonus with his daughter Antigone access by create Free account - Antigone which. [142], Because the two conditions have a number of similar symptoms, BPD was once considered to be a mild form of bipolar disorder[143][144] or to exist on the bipolar spectrum. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2012. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Although pain is considered to be aversive and unpleasant and is therefore usually avoided, a meta-analysis which summarized and evaluated numerous studies from various psychological disciplines, found a reduction in negative affect. Twice as many women as men in the community [have] depression (Weissman & Klerman, 1985). [65], Infants do feel pain, but lack the language needed to report it, and so communicate distress by crying. In addition, socioeconomic disadvantage early in life may increase vulnerability to depression throughout the lifespan through the effects of poor nutrition, reduced opportunities for education, less access to health care, or other mechanisms. Patients with thyroid disorders are more prone to develop depressive symptoms and conversely depression may be accompanied by various subtle thyroid abnormalities. In the few studies that compare pharmacological and psychologial interventions, effect sizes are comparable and may favor psychotherapy (Pinquart, Duberstein & Lyness, 2006). [94] According to Marsha Linehan, many mental health professionals find it challenging to diagnose BPD using the DSM criteria, since these criteria describe such a wide variety of behaviors. BFMH has achieved worldwide dissemination and made psychosocial screening more accessible to pediatric practices by including measures like the PSC that can be photocopied and distributed, as well as instructions for their use and recommendations for clinical practices. Percept Mot Skills. Although a high-risk score on all three subscales can provide important information on behavior or feelings that are outside of the average range, the five-item PSC internalizing sub-scale can be especially useful as a first stage screen for depression and anxiety. Cardiac disease, depressive symptoms, and incident stroke in an elderly population. [55], Idiopathic pain (pain that persists after the trauma or pathology has healed, or that arises without any apparent cause) may be an exception to the idea that pain is helpful to survival, although some psychodynamic psychologists argue that such pain is psychogenic, enlisted as a protective distraction to keep dangerous emotions unconscious. [25] This can be harmful since negative emotions alert people to the presence of a problematic situation and move them to address it. When applied as a pain descriptor, these anchors are often 'no pain' and 'worst imaginable pain". (2020). This is done presumably to protect against - based on similar or related past experiences - what the mind perceives and forecasts as arousing intense negative emotions and unwanted behavioral impulses that the present emotive event might trigger. Oedipus at Colonus Antigone ebooks in PDF, epub, Tuebl Mobi, Kindle.! [134], Regardless that it is an infradiagnosed disorder, a few studies have shown that the "lower expressions" of it might lead to wrong diagnoses. Other psychological factors associated with resiliency in late life include a positive self-concept, a sense of mastery or self-efficacy. Socioeconomic factors play an important role in late life depression. Early-onset depression is influenced by genes for depression, whereas late onset may represent either a prodrome of dementia or a biological or psychological response to the events that are more common in late life (e.g., physical illness, bereavement, caregiving). Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. Mindfulness-based approaches involve teaching clients to be aware of and to accept their thoughts and feelings, rather than engaging in either avoidance or rumination. [66], Another approach, when pain is suspected, is to give the person treatment for pain, and then watch to see whether the suspected indicators of pain subside. Disability may lead directly to a reduction in a person's appraised ability to achieve goals, but it is also possible that individuals reduce their activities when disability makes it difficult to continue them, and the lack of regular engagement in activities leads to decrements in skills and associated lack of self-efficacy. - produced between 450BCE and 430BCE Week 3 - Sophocles, 1956, Greek drama ( tragedy,. /ImagePart_35 119 0 R 93 0 obj /Type /Pages >> 218 0 obj /Resources 264 0 R /Font << /ImagePart_9 40 0 R The content and theme of this book really will touch your heart. LH binds to LH receptors on the membrane surface of Leydig cells. [92] The ICD-10 manual refers to the disorder as emotionally unstable personality disorder and has similar diagnostic criteria. Consequently, all disorders, including personality disorders, are listed in Section II of the manual. Subscale scores for internalizing, externalizing and attention problems can be calculated from specific items. endobj /Resources 288 0 R 178 0 obj endobj /Next 142 0 R 47 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] 150 0 obj >> /ProcSet 3 0 R >> endobj The real place of Oedipus death is not something for exact determination, but Sophocles set the place at Colonus. This condition is typically manifest in males as failure in production of normal numbers of sperm. BPD diagnosis does not seem to add anything to other diagnoses. The "pain tolerance threshold" is reached when the subject acts to stop the pain. Caregivers are instrumental in increasing the patient's engagement in pleasant activities. Because depression adds an additional burden to quality of life in demented patients (and their caregivers), it is important to treat. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. 1988; Murphy et al. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. [39] A cycle often begins in which people with BPD feel emotional pain, engage in impulsive behavior to relieve that pain, feel shame and guilt over their actions, feel emotional pain from the shame and guilt, and then experience stronger urges to engage in impulsive behavior to relieve the new pain. Nondysphoric depression following stroke. An experimental investigation of the impact of biological versus psychological explanations of the cause of mental illness. [169], Because of weak evidence and the potential for serious side effects from some of these medications, the United Kingdom (UK) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2009 clinical guideline for the treatment and management of BPD recommends, "Drug treatment should not be used specifically for borderline personality disorder or for the individual symptoms or behavior associated with the disorder." Depressive symptoms in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White rural elderly. Co-morbid depression is associated with functional impairment (e.g., Goodwin & Devanand, 2008). Because of its devastating consequences, late life depression is an important public health problem. "[17], Allodynia is pain experienced in response to a normally painless stimulus. [130][132][133] In one study, 38% of participants with BPD met the criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD. Christensen H, Jorm AF, Mackinnon AJ, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, et al. Some practices suggest that all positively screened children be offered a visit for a follow-up evaluation by a mental health professional, especially if one is readily available, while others recommend scheduling a follow-up appointment for further evaluation with the pediatrician in a week to a few months. Rapidly shifting intense emotional dysregulation. /Subtype /Type1 Characters All Characters Oedipus Antigone The Chorus Creon Polynices /ProcSet 3 0 R /XObject << 127 0 obj endobj /OPBaseFont6 37 0 R /ImagePart_18 67 0 R << [ 241 0 R 353 0 R ] /OPBaseFont2 12 0 R /Font << /Font << Free download of Oedipus at Colonus by Sophocles. Several geriatric-specific variants of depression have been proposed. [84], Also (contrary to the results of earlier studies) those with BPD showed less activation in the amygdala in situations of increased negative emotionality than the control group. The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. Age differences in behaviors leading to completed suicide. Manila University edition has been professionally formatted for e-readers with a linked table of contents plays sophocles oedipus at colonus pdf it. /OPBaseFont4 32 0 R /Parent 290 0 R /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /Parent 259 0 R /Prev 145 0 R [ 303 0 R 373 0 R ] /Title (Page 50) /Type /Page /Next 51 0 R endobj /Font << Easily access essays and lesson plans from other students and teachers! [131] In another study, 6 of 41 participants (15%) met the criteria for an autism spectrum disorder (a subgroup that had significantly more frequent suicide attempts). of the pain will help the examining physician to accurately diagnose the problem. In older adulthood, the prevalence of major depressive disorder differs from that of clinically significant depressive symptoms, as we discuss below. For other uses, see. [244], Psychiatrists Eric Bui and Rachel Rodgers argue that the Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader character in the Star Wars films meets six of the nine diagnostic criteria; Bui also found Anakin a useful example to explain BPD to medical students. [43] This helps them know that others have had similar experiences and can point them toward effective treatments. 62 0 obj >> 34 0 obj endobj /Parent 4 0 R /Kids [ 1 0 R 8 0 R 13 0 R 16 0 R 20 0 R 23 0 R 26 0 R 29 0 R 33 0 R 38 0 R ] /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R >> He wrote 123 play, only seven of which survive. If the total score or one of the sub-scale scores is in the at-risk range, most practices ask clinicians to devote a few extra minutes to getting a sense of why the number of problems reported is so high. At Mass General, the brightest minds in medicine collaborate on behalf of our patients to bridge innovation science with state-of-the-art clinical medicine. In females, amenorrhea is commonly observed. [7], BPD is typically treated with psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Age differences in depression and anxiety symptoms: A structural equation modelling analysis of data from a general population sample. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Cox C, Hermann J, Forbes N, Caine ED. Learn about the many ways you can get involved and support Mass General. Despite lack of evidence of efficacy, the review stated that SSRI antidepressants continue to be widely prescribed to people with BPD. /XObject << Download The Complete Sophocles Ebook, Epub, Textbook, quickly and easily or read online The Complete Sophocles full books anytime and anywhere. Self-esteem, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved. (2020). Effects of pharmacological treatments on emotional tasks in borderline personality disorder: A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. [172], There is a significant difference between the number of those who would benefit from treatment and the number of those who are treated. The most common cause of dehydration in young children is severe diarrhea and vomiting. Fast Download speed and ads Free! Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. [6] While medications cannot cure BPD, they may be used to help with the associated symptoms. Association of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype with depression in elderly persons after hip fracture. [196][197] It described a group of patients with what he thought to be a mild form of schizophrenia, on the borderline between neurosis and psychosis. [213], However, their frequent expressions of intense pain, self-harming, or suicidal behavior may instead represent a method of mood regulation or an escape mechanism from situations that feel unbearable. Heritability was 42% for females and 29% for males, with no difference by birth cohort (Kendler, Gatz, Gardner, & Pedersen, 2006a). /Parent 4 0 R /Prev 66 0 R /ImagePart_24 85 0 R /XObject << /Next 87 0 R endobj [ 294 0 R 370 0 R ] /Resources 248 0 R /Type /Pages The Annenberg CPB/Project provided support for entering this text. The PSC was selected as the primary measure of psychosocial functioning for 4-17-year-old children being seen through the Mass General's Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Or Read online Sophocles I Oedipus the King Oedipus at Colonus.JPG 2,000 1,656 ; KB!, on a stone Oedipus plays and what it means wandering blind and,! Some found depressed APOE4 carriers to have poorer cognitive performance than depressed non-carriers (Hwang et al., 2006; Krishnan et al., 1996), while others found APOE4 unrelated to level of cognitive functioning in depressed older adults (e.g., Hickie et al., 2001). Engaging in active behaviors to overcome health problems, referred to as health engagement control strategies, is associated not only with reduced levels of depressive symptoms, but also reduced secretion of the stress hormone cortisol (Wrosch, Schulz, Miller, Lupien & Dunne, 2007). Late life depression is also associated with bone loss; this may be due to the role of inflammatory markers in both conditions (Alexopoulos, 2005). Schematic illustrating risk and protective factors corresponding to when they emerge over the life span. Lenze EJ, Minin JC, Ferrell RE, Pollock BG, Skidmore E, et al. Beekman AT, de Beurs E, van Balkom AJ, Deeg DJ, van Dyck R, van Tilburg W. Anxiety and depression in later life: Co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. [6] Simple pain medications are useful in 20% to 70% of cases. Jeste ND, Hays JC, Steffens DC. Increased levels of depressive symptoms associated with the receipt of social support have been found among older adults with physical limitations who endorsed a greater desire for independence (Martire, Stephens, Druley & Wojno, 2002). Which survive Creon comes to Colonus to persuade Oedipus to return to Thebes, Non-Classifiable, 110 pages produced. Accompanying self-critical thinking may exacerbate and maintain a depressed state. J. Med. Topiramate may ameliorate interpersonal problems, impulsivity, anxiety, anger, and general psychiatric pathology. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Anticipation of nursing home placement may be a precipitant of suicide among the elderly. [171] Crawford (2018) found that despite mood stabilizers being prescribed frequently for BPD patients, they are neither cost effective or medically effective in treating BPD as whole after performing a year long study. You should also discuss what, if anything, they want to do about it. [18][19], Phantom pain is pain felt in a part of the body that has been amputated, or from which the brain no longer receives signals. Bax et al. 2016), the positive/negative screening scores for most patients remain the same (Hacker et al., 2009). [178], After a patient with BPD died, The National Health Service (NHS) in England was criticized by a coroner in 2014 for the lack of commissioned services to support those with BPD. Depression rates are elevated in hyper- as well as hypothyroidism, suggesting that endocrine dysregulation may cause late life depression (Tiemeier, 2003). /Type /Page 129 0 obj endobj >> endobj << 310 0 obj . [232][233][234], Films attempting to depict characters with the disorder include A Thin Line Between Love and Hate (1996), Gia (1998), Filth (2013), Fatal Attraction (1987), The Crush (1993), Mad Love (1995), Malicious (1995), Interiors (1978), The Cable Guy (1996), Mr. Nobody (2009), Moksha (2001), Margot at the Wedding (2007), Cracks (2009),[235] Welcome to Me (2014),[236][237] and Tamasha (2015). Diabetes has been investigated as a risk factor for depression, although recent research suggests that depression may actually be a risk factor for the development of diabetes. (2020). Pre-term babies are more sensitive to painful stimuli than those carried to full term. [7] Substance use disorders, depression, and eating disorders are commonly associated with BPD. The prevalence of major depressive disorder at any given time in community samples of adults aged 65 and older ranges from 1-5% in most large-scale epidemiological investigations in the United States and internationally, with the majority of studies reporting prevalence in the lower end of the range (e.g., Hasin et al., 2005). Why might a person become depressed, especially for the first time, in old age? Wu et al. [57] The "pain perception threshold" is the point at which the subject begins to feel pain, and the "pain threshold intensity" is the stimulus intensity at which the stimulus begins to hurt. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Seidlitz L, Denning D, Cox C, Caine ED. [81] Bumping the "funny bone" elicits acute peripheral neuropathic pain. Chow SM, Hamagami F, Nesselroade JR. Age differences in dynamical emotion-cognition linkages. Note that both false positives and false negatives can occur. [188], The coexistence of intense, divergent moods within an individual was recognized by Homer, Hippocrates, and Aretaeus, the latter describing the vacillating presence of impulsive anger, melancholia, and mania within a single person. Those affected often engage in self-harm and other dangerous behaviors, often due to their difficulty with returning [132] Nearly 73% meet the criteria for a substance use disorder, and about 40% for PTSD. ", "A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales", Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems, Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pain&oldid=1117616274, Articles with dead external links from February 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Unpleasant sensory and emotional sensations. [175], Experience of services varies. Genetic studies in the non-geriatric population have for the most part focused on the short variant of an insertion/deletion polymorphism located in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). [238], Robert O. Friedel has suggested that the behavior of Theresa Dunn, the leading character of Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1975) is consistent with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. A 1999 study reported that the specificity of autobiographical memory was decreased in BPD patients. Specifically, it is "a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients" which adversely affects the body's tissues and form. Depression may also be caused by infections or malignancies. In contrast, older adults have been reported to have higher rates of death ideation, such as a passive wish to die. [37], Impulsive behavior is common, including substance use disorders (e.g., alcohol use disorder), eating in excess, unprotected sex or indiscriminate sex with multiple partners, reckless spending, and reckless driving. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: A review of the evidence. In males over 18 years of age, reference ranges have been estimated to be 1.88.6 IU/L. [124], In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. Gallagher-Thompson D, Coon DW. [123], Physical pain is a universal experience, and a strong motivator of human and animal behavior. Thanks for sharing that: Ruminators and their social support networks. [45], The pain signal travels from the periphery to the spinal cord along A-delta and C fibers. Risk and protective factors become more or less prominent in the etiology of depression as they change in frequency or importance over the course of the life span. [113][114][115][116], The diagnosis of BPD during adolescence has been controversial. [80] Neuropathic pain may be divided into peripheral, central, or mixed (peripheral and central) neuropathic pain. Changes in cognitive functioning following treatment of late life depression. [50], Though BPD is primarily seen as a disorder of emotional regulation, psychotic symptoms are fairly common, with an estimated 2154% prevalence in clinical BPD populations. endobj /CreationDate (D:20170308101706-05'00') endobj /MediaBox [ 0 0 351 562 ] /Parent 228 0 R OEDIPUS THE KING . The role of 'scientific psychiatry' in understanding patients with chronic schizophrenia or severe personality disorder", "The beginning of wisdom is never calling a patient a borderline; or, the clinical management of immature defenses in the treatment of individuals with personality disorders", 10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199908)22:4<285::AID-NUR3>3.0.CO;2-R, "Borderline Personality Disorder Label Creates Stigma", "Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder", "How Advocacy is Bringing Borderline Personality Disorder into the Light", "Personality Disorder of Character Smerdyakov in Novel the Brother Karamazov Bu [sic] Fyodor Dostovesky (Translated by Constance Clara Garnett)", "Kristen Wiig earns awkward laughs and silence in 'Welcome to Me', "Toronto Film Review: 'Welcome to Me': Kristen Wiig plays a woman with borderline personality disorder in this startlingly inspired comedy from Shira Piven", "Use Your Movie Time To Get Help With Mental Health Issues", "Early Sea Changes in Borderline Personality Disorder", "Long-term Memories: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly", "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is the best depiction of mental health on television today", "Netflix's 'Maniac' Is A Trippy Ride with a Lot To Say About Mental Illness", "A Therapist Explains Why Everyone on 'Game of Thrones' Has Serious Issues: Westeros is Basically A Living, Breathing Manual for Mental Illness", "Titans Gives Bruce Wayne a Psychological Diagnosis", "BPD Awareness Month Congressional History", https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.088, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17091006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100280, APA DSM 5 Definition of Borderline personality disorder, APA Division 12 treatment page for Borderline personality disorder, ICD-10 definition of EUPD by the World Health Organization, Dimensional models of personality disorders, Personality disorder not otherwise specified, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borderline_personality_disorder&oldid=1118993835, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate, Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Estimation of c. 1.6% of people in a given year. Since LH is secreted as pulses, it is necessary to follow its concentration over a sufficient period of time to get proper information about its blood level. This may have maladaptive results such as supernormal stimuli. Scores on elementary school-related items 5, 6, 17 and 18 are ignored. A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. Personality traits and suicidal behavior and ideation in depressed inpatients 50 years of age and older. Finally, pervasive negative stereotypes about aging may increase the likelihood that any older adult would engage in self-critical thoughts, especially for those with a neurotic style. /Next 69 0 R >> 162 0 obj endobj endobj /Prev 84 0 R /Type /Page [ 225 0 R 348 0 R ] A survey article on the Oidipous at Kolonos for the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia to Greek Tragedy. 4 0 obj Oedipus at Colonus.pdf. endobj /Encoding << /OPBaseFont2 12 0 R /Name /OPBaseFont3 /Font << /Title (Page 49) >> << /Kids [ 162 0 R ] /Font << endobj 200 0 obj << /Rotate 0 /Next 99 0 R Sophocles. Many people fear the stigma of addiction, and avoid pain treatment so as not to be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Causes. [29] In contrast, suicide attempts typically reflect a belief that others will be better off following the suicide. [134][135][136], Specialists believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, may also. Although older adults are less lonely than their younger or middle aged counterparts, loneliness is associated with depression in this age group (Nolen-Hoeksema & Ahrens, 2002). Nonetheless, in most cases the same risk and protective factors are associated with both. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To the extent that this process results in a reduction in negative affect, through distancing from negative thoughts and feelings, it would interrupt the negative feedback loop depicted in Figure 2. Depression is less prevalent among older adults than among younger adults but can have serious consequences. In addition to evidence indicating that depression often develops in the course of neurological illness, depressive symptoms appear to be a risk factor for incident stroke (Wouts et al., 2008) and PD (Ishiara & Brayne, 2006). Green RC, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach S, Go R, et al. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of 259 pages and is available in Paperback format. Butters MA, Becker JT, Nebes RD, Zmuda MD, Mulsant BH, et al. The PSC can be completed online for free. Sleep disturbance is a risk factor for depression among older adults, with a pooled odds ratio of 2.6 and a population attributable risk of 57.0% demonstrated in a meta-analysis (Cole & Dendukuri, 2003). Suicide among the elderly: The long-term impact of a telephone support and assessment intervention in northern Italy. [72][73], Pain is a symptom of many medical conditions. [231], In literature, characters with behavior consistent with borderline personality disorder include Catherine in Wuthering Heights (1847), Smerdyakov in The Brothers Karamazov (1880), and Harry Haller in Steppenwolf (1927). Other prevention interventions target older adults at risk of depression due to physical illness and disability, bereavement and caregiver status. Murphy et al. Dehydration. Thus, researchers examine developmental causes in addition to childhood trauma. That may not be true in the community. Despite the plausibility of the association and one report of increased APOE4 frequency in older depressed patients (Krishnan et al., 1996), most subsequent studies have found APOE status to be unrelated to depression in older adults (e.g., Cervilla, Prince, Joels, Russ, & Lovestone, 2004; Hickie et al., 2001; Hwang et al., 2006). It would also be easy to point to all of the losses that characterize later life; yet, most older adults experience stressful life events and only a small proportion become depressed. [242][243], In a review of the film Shame (2011) for the British journal The Art of Psychiatry, another psychiatrist, Abby Seltzer, praises Carey Mulligan's portrayal of a character with the disorder even though it is never mentioned onscreen. Olin JT, Schneider LS, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Alexopoulos GS, et al. /Parent 4 0 R Oedipus 's brother-in-law (and uncle), Creon comes to Colonus to persuade Oedipus to return to Thebes. Prognosis for older adults is equivalent to that for middle aged adults. Is bereavement-related depression different than non-bereavement-related depression? Among older adults with higher scores on a measure of sociotropy (need for close relationships, interpersonal dependency, and a concern about approval), stressful events of an interpersonal nature were most closely associated with depression, whereas among older adults with high scores on an autonomy scale (emphasis on personal control and success), negative events associated with achievement (e.g., loss of long-term residence) were more strongly associated with depression (Mazure, Maciejewski, Jacobs, & Bruce, 2002). [44] By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists.