HT]O0WK+o;F)IuN[-}\1aPA"4AI The term Holism is derived from the Greek word holos meaning all, whole or entire. Annotations: breaking down complex behavouir into constituet parts. 0000003453 00000 n Jahoda's 6 elements of Optimal Living are an example of a holistic approach to defining abnormality. - Diathesis-stress model is more holistic as it describes that biological and environmental factors can cause the development of a disorder. - Pavlov (1927) reduced behaviour to reflexes of salivation to demonstrate something can be condition. High R. Reducing complex phenomena to simpler components makes it easier to test for consistency and to compare. Describe how brain scanning in Cognitive Psychology are considered reductionist. Looking at the simplest parts that make up our systems and use the simplest explanations to understand how they work. -Case studies look at one individual or a small group in depth to gather detailed data, usually from a number of sources. Both either similar and dissimilar. Resisted by the white population because fears resources would be depleted. Otherwise, it makes no sense to try to understand the meaning of anything that anybody might do. Identify 3 areas of Criminal Psychology that are considered reductionist. Reductionist approaches lack V/involves incomplete or partial explanations of behaviour/may fail to recognise the complexity of behaviour and the understanding of the whole. Describe how theories of obedience in Social Psychology are considered reductionist. Personality systems and tests such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Enneagram are good examples of how reductionism can be used to break down aspects of psychology into smaller parts. Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Raine (1997). - Realistic Conflict Theory reduces the conditions for prejudice down to competition for resources and also reduces the solution to superordinate goals. -Systematic Desensitization and Flooding both reduce the treatment for a phobia down to associating it with something good. Reduced the operation of the LTM. The term 'Holism' is derived from the Greek word 'holos' meaning all, whole or entire. Two Examples of Emergent Properties: NK Networks and G-by-E Interactions It will be instructive to anchor the somewhat esoteric discussion we have engaged in so far with a couple of examples from the actual biological literature, to focus our ideas about what emergence may sensibly mean in the context of biological research. Identify 3 areas of Cognitive Psychology that are considered reductionist. - It looks at a patient with a disorder as a whole. This may reduce the credibility of the results. Identify 4 areas of Social Psychology that are considered reductionist. Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Baddeley (1966). Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Watson and Rayner (1920). This approach argues that explanations begin at the highest level of explanation then progressively works its way down: Environmental reductionists believe that behavior can be reduced to a relationship between behavior and events in the environment and that behavior is explained by past experiences. 0000005030 00000 n -In a way, the ABC model reduces behaviour to antecedent, behaviour and consequence, which is an example of reductionism. As such, maybe a more holistic explanation is needed; the evolutionary explanation is perhaps an over-simplistic explanation of human behaviour. They believe that these variables can be measured to determine causal relationships. Reductionism vs Holism. %PDF-1.4 % For example, to treat conditions like ADHD with drugs in the belief that the condition consists of nothing more than neurochemical imbalances is to mistake the symptoms of the phenomenon for its true cause. Holism: In contrast, the concept of holism believe that the relationship between the part and the system as a whole to be more symmetric than in reductionism. 0000010073 00000 n Holism and Interactionism: Holism looks at same/higher level explanation. Observing and studying the complex phenomena as a whole without breaking it down to simplify it. testosterone levels. Describe how brain scanning in Biological Psychology are considered reductionist. 0000001249 00000 n - Memory is operationalised as how many things can be accurately recalled. over simplifies complex behavouir. - cognitive Noticed that when he worked with the same dog repeatedly, the dog began to salivate to stimuli associated with food, to the mere sight of food, to the food dish, to the presence of the person who regularly brought the food or even the sound of that persons approaching footsteps. Describe how theories of aggression in Biological Psychology are considered reductionist. 1) High reliability due to reducing a complex phenomena to simpler components makes it easier to test for consistency and compare, 1) Low ecological validity as reduces variables tested in a lab would not represent the whole in real life. - ACT as a treatment for SZ is more holistic due to not being sufficient enough on its own so is often paired with drug treatment. It assumes learning is passive and is based on reflex behaviours that all humans and animals have. Similarly, humanistic and cognitive psychologists also follow a holism approach. Reductionist explanations, which might work in some circumstances, are considered inappropriate to the study of human subjectivity because here the emergent property that we have to take account of is that of the whole person. Describe how theories of prejudice in Social Psychology are considered reductionist. Ignoring bio factors that may affect the susceptibility of conditioning. Broca's Area, Wernicke's area (but holism could state: influence of family, education, social class on language). testosterone levels. 0000075910 00000 n He defined it as the tendency in nature to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through creative evolution. In philosophy, any doctrine that prioritizes the whole over its parts is holism. xb````` AXcECv0i6%]()O|hjP1LvhJ30ViY 0a'*WrI@ZSn1s3bfVdVa:v+/""~N@]813fbhgchdx'm~}L@l sO Cv2 endstream endobj 49 0 obj<> endobj 50 0 obj<> endobj 51 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 52 0 obj<> endobj 53 0 obj<> endobj 54 0 obj<> endobj 55 0 obj<> endobj 56 0 obj[/ICCBased 70 0 R] endobj 57 0 obj<> endobj 58 0 obj<> endobj 59 0 obj<>stream It is an approach that breaks down complex behaviors into simpler and separate components. Weaknesses of Reductionism Ignores other influences on behaviour and neglects to give a holistic picture of behaviour Thigpen and Cleckley measured many aspects of Eve's behaviour through multiple ways. usually collects quan data. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. 0000001508 00000 n This considers the wider influences on behaviour and usually studies interacting factors. Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena, which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena. -Science is formulating a theory and drawing suggestions from it about the world, making a testable hypothesis. Structuralism treats the adult mind as a sum total of experience from birth to the present. Examples in psychology: Evolutionary reductionism - behaviour must have been adaptive and inherited. Human behaviour is complex. Describe how explanations for mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered holistic. 0000002187 00000 n In neurology, proponents of holism argued that the brain was a homogeneous part with no specific subparts; while localization argued that the brain was organized in functionally distinct cortical areas. Specifically, the debate between using reductionism or holism has affected conventional ways of thinking in medicine and opened new possibilities for improving healthcare. strenghts. Reductionism is a view based on the scientific assumption of parsimony. Developed CC after studying secretion in dogs. This suggests that the use of drugs had no significant impact on treatment outcomes. - It reduces memory down to the activity of specific areas of the brain. Describe how lab experiments in Cognitive Psychology are considered reductionist. Reicher and Haslam: Reduced conditions for prejudice down to the inequality of power between two groups. Behaviorism is an analysis of elements that define human behavior. scientfic. Reductionism breaks down complex psychological processes into small parts and reduces them to simple explanations. - Biological explanation for SZ reduces it down to the abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in brain structure such as enlarged ventricles). For example . Evaluate the reductionism and holism of Loftus and Palmer (1974). 0000003676 00000 n 0000048014 00000 n ,`99S8D>/psba}TRbK! 4tgxxkw0Ry3(. Using memory recall of a crime to represent accuracy of memory as a whole. 48 0 obj <> endobj xref 48 32 0000000016 00000 n Holism makes it difficult to prioritise and use only one or two factors as a basis for therapy. 3 Q Define 'holism'. A Using memory recall of a crime to represent accuracy of memory as a whole. REDUCTIONISM HOLISM INTERACTIONISM = the belief that complex phenomena (a thing) is best explained by breaking it down into its most BASIC COMPONENTS works on the assumption . Holistic thinking is a way of thinking that is skewed to wholeness with an inclination for systems to produce complex wholes that have properties merged from parts (Jackson, 2003). Holism example Thigpen and Cleckley measured many aspects of Eve's behaviour through multiple ways. Identify an area of Learning Psychology that are considered holistic. language, cognitive abilities. Some psychologists argue that biological reductionism can lead to errors of understanding because it ignores the complexity of human behaviour. Allows for scientific study, and reductionist approaches are consistent with prevailing scientific ideology/Breaking down behaviours into smaller, constituent parts allows for scientific testing of hypotheses, including identification, isolation and control over EVs/Confidently say the study is scientific, quantifiable and cause and effect relationships can be drawn. Hofstadter explains these concepts using a dialogue in the style of Lewis Carroll: To try to distinguish if it encodes semantically or acoustically. Reductionism vs Holism. It was introduced by Jan Smuts, an African Statesman, in his book Holism and Evolution (1926). - Systematic Desensitisation and Flooding both reduce the treatment for a phobia down to associating it with something good. - Studies like Phineas Gage provide detail on many elements of what caused aggression. 1) Environmental treatments for criminality. Identify 3 areas of Criminal Psychology that are considered holistic. - Evolution reduces aggression down to biological causes of having a gene that aided survival which is innate. Raine's research into Murderer's brains can be considered reductionist as it only focuses on the brain. Describe how treatments of mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered reductionist. Think, for example, of a car. trailer <<9C308B9CFDF011DE8281000A95C151FA>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 79 0 obj<>stream Describe how explanations of mental disorders in Clinical Psychology are considered reductionist. Odenbaugh (2007) provides an excellent summary of the debate between Gleason and Clements: 0000045346 00000 n It can overlook other causes behind behavior and is in danger of over-simplifying human behavior. DEBATE = Concerned with whether it is sufficient to reduce complex behaviours to its simplest form OR should we focus on higher level explanations. Another example of biological reductionism is aggression e.g. 0000076453 00000 n 0000076081 00000 n - The assessment looks at the offender as a whole and why they committed the crime. Interactionism shows how many aspects of a phenomenon or levels of explanation can interact together to provide a complete picture. Testing gathers empirical data. Structuralism and Behaviorism in psychology are examples of reductionism. -Case formulation includes offence analysis because it goes from the assessment, which gives the information, to the analysis, and linking to theory, which can then hopefully suggest a useful and effective treatment plan. Ignores psychological reasons. - Sherif (1954) operationalised prejudice as attitudes towards an out-group being hostile. Also, language can be reduced to structures in the brain, e.g. - It looks at the change in environment and how that can affect natural selection and genes that are passed on. There was no significant difference between them in terms of age or body weight or clinical symptoms or anxiety. - psychopathology = genetic explanations are R = blame to be only on genes - interactionism = H = considers both sides of an argument - forensic = R = blame to genetics, can't help, doesn't take into account their home experiences What factors does holism take into account? - Case studies view the individual's memory as a whole. One can rarely say that a theory is clearly reductionist or holistic; it depends on the perspective and the considered level of organization (individual organism, population, community, and ecosystem). 0000007527 00000 n 0000001329 00000 n cause and effect. Reductionism is when complex behaviors are separated into simpler components; in contrast, the holism approach looks at it as a whole. Describe how case studies in Criminal Psychology are considered holistic. -Evolution reduces aggression down to biological causes of having a gene that aided survival which is innate. wZe3dc$]}Wo'x$|Y >ol/1V%?.rkqz6pF]Fr. Confirmation holism was a theory put forth by the American philosopher Quine. Describe how case studies in Cognitive Psychology are considered holistic. Reductionism - reduce the whole into simplest component parts, only takes one f actor into account. H60G X${KIQ It is the best way to understand. Holism argues that people should be viewed as a whole rather than as individual parts and focuses on the interaction of all parts. Describe how treatments for phobias in Learning Psychology are considered reductionist. hormones). This view clearly has implications for treatment. -Reductionist. 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